p class=»big»>Fuente: BBC News | Mundo
h5>La reapertura de las escuelas es uno de los temas más debatidos a lo largo del mundo desde que la pandemia de covid-19 dejó a miles millones de niños y adolescentes sin clases presenciales.
Solo en abril, llegó a haber 194 países con los centros educativos cerrados. Eso afectó al 91% de los estudiantes de todo el mundo, de acuerdo con un artículo de Unicef publicado la semana pasada.
«Esto ha ocasionado una disrupción enorme en las vidas, el aprendizaje y el bienestar de los niños a nivel mundial», detalla el organismo internacional. Pero la decisión de cómo y cuándo reabrir las escuelas y si enviar o no a los niños depende de numerosos factores a nivel nacional y local, así como de la realidad de cada núcleo familiar.
En América Latina, por ejemplo, Nicaragua es el único país que en ningún momento ha llegado a suspender las clases presenciales, al tiempo que Uruguay es el único que logró implementar un regreso completo a las aulas.
Dado que varios países de la región se preparan para la reapertura o debaten la medida, puede resultar útil saber qué aprendió la ciencia en estos meses de pandemia sobre los riesgos de la vuelta a clases para la salud de los estudiantes, docentes y familiares.
¿Qué tan peligroso es el coronavirus para los niños?
«Los niños, incluidos los muy pequeños, pueden desarrollar covid-19», dice la Escuela de Medicina de Harvard con información actualizada al 4 de agosto.
Sin embargo, continúa, «muchos de ellos no presentan síntomas». «Aquellos que se enferman tienden a experimentar síntomas más leves, como fiebre baja, fatiga y tos. Algunos niños han tenido complicaciones graves, pero esto ha sido menos común», agrega.
De acuerdo con un estudio de los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) de Estados Unidos, la tasa acumulada de hospitalización pediátrica por covid-19 en el país fue de 8,0 por 100.000 habitantes entre el 1º de marzo y 25 de julio.
Dicha tasa «es baja en comparación con la de los adultos», que asciende a 164,5 por 100.000 habitantes, apuntan los investigadores en el estudio publicado la semana pasada.
Por otra parte, en estos meses de pandemia se han registrado casos de niños que desarrollaron un síndrome inflamatorio similar a la enfermedad de Kawasaki, cuyos síntomas incluyen fiebre, dolor abdominal, diarrea y erupciones cutáneas.
Según aclara el hospital infantil Great Ormond Street (GOSH) de Londres, centro pediátrico líder de Reino Unido, al 22 de julio este síndrome ha demostrado afectar «solo a una pequeña cantidad de niños».
Incluso agrega: «Todavía no sabemos con certeza si este nuevo síndrome inflamatorio está directamente relacionado con la covid-19».
¿Pueden los niños transmitir el coronavirus a adultos?
Una revisión de estudios globales publicada a finales de junio por la Escuela de Higiene y Medicina Tropical y el Colegio Universitario (UCL), ambos de Londres, descubrió que los niños tenían aproximadamente la mitad de probabilidades de contraer covid-19 que los adultos, lo que significa que es menos probable que lo transmitan.
Sin embargo, como los niños también son menos propensos a presentar síntomas, todavía es difícil determinar qué tanto propagan el coronavirus o incluso si son capaces de iniciar un brote.
Según un estudio publicado el mes pasado basado en el análisis de más de 5.700 personas infectadas en Corea del Sur y sus más de 59.000 contactos, los niños de hasta 9 años transmiten la enfermedad a adultos con una frecuencia menor (5,3%) al promedio de la población (11,8%).
En cambio, aquellos con edades entre 10 y 19 años transmiten el virus por encima del promedio (18,6%).
Por otra parte, estudios recientes de brotes en grupos familiares en China y los Alpes franceses han concluido, basándose en el rastreo de contactos, que es probable que los niños no hayan sido la fuente de ninguna de las infecciones registradas.
¿Pueden las escuelas convertirse en focos de coronavirus?
La reapertura de las escuelas no solo aumenta el contacto entre niños, sino también de docentes y personal del centro, además de los padres que llevan y traen a sus hijos.
En este sentido, el mencionado estudio de UCL y la Escuela de Higiene y Medicina Tropical de Londres sugirió que, sin un seguimiento de contactos adecuado, la reapertura de las escuelas en Reino Unido prevista para septiembre contribuiría a una segunda ola de infección más grande que la primera.
Si bien en su proyección incluyeron el dato de que los niños tienen la mitad de capacidad infecciosa que los adultos, también utilizaron modelos que incorporan cuántos padres volverán al trabajo o reanudarán otras actividades con el retorno de sus hijos a las aulas.
Otro estudio publicado la semana pasada por la revista científica The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health sobre la reapertura de las escuelas en Australia afirma que estas no fueron un foco importante de infección por coronavirus.
Entre el 25 de enero y 10 de abril, de un total de 7.700 escuelas analizadas, solo 25 registraron casos, es decir, menos del 1%.
No obstante, la situación más preocupante fue la de profesores y personal del centro educativo. Aunque equivalían a solo el 10% de la población escolar, representaron el 56% de los casos de covid-19 registrados en las escuelas.
Los investigadores afirman: «Nuestros hallazgos proporcionan evidencia de que la transmisión de SARS-CoV-2 (nombre técnico del nuevo coronavirus) en entornos educativos puede mantenerse en un nivel bajo en el contexto de una respuesta eficaz a la epidemia».
«En aquellos lugares donde las medidas de mitigación de la pandemia resulten en un fuerte control de la enfermedad, anticipamos que las escuelas pueden mantenerse abiertas de manera segura, para el beneficio educativo, social y económico de la comunidad mientras nos adaptamos a vivir con covid-19», agregan.
En otra investigación publicada el mes pasado por las agencias de salud pública de Suecia y Finlandia también se llega a la conclusión de que las escuelas no se convirtieron en focos de contagio de covid-19.
Suecia y Finlandia adoptaron estrategias diferentes durante la pandemia. Los primeros siempre mantuvieron abiertas las escuelas primarias, mientras que los segundos cerraron todas las instituciones educativas de marzo a mayo.
El informe asegura que, aún así, los resultados fueron similares: bajo número de contagios en personas de 1 a 19 años, escasas hospitalizaciones en cuidados intensivos y ninguna muerte.
Por el contrario, una investigación publicada el mes pasado en la Revista de la Asociación Médica Estadounidense sugiere que los menores juegan un papel importante en la propagación de enfermedades respiratorias durante las pandemias.
«Los niños son, en general, importantes transmisores de epidemias virales como la influenza, porque pasan largos períodos cerca de otros niños en las escuelas y durante las actividades físicas», afirman los autores.
Tras el cierre de escuelas en 50 estados de EE.UU. entre marzo y mayo, en promedio hubo una caída en el número de casos del 62% y del 58% en defunciones, aseguran los investigadores, quienes aclaran que otras medidas complementarias contribuyeron a estos porcentajes.
¿Qué medidas ayudan a una reapertura segura?
Los CDC tienen guías actualizadas a finales de julio sobre qué deben hacer las escuelas para reabrir y qué han de sopesar los padres al momento de decidir si enviar o no a sus hijos a clases.
Sobre los centros educativos, se mencionan estrategias en cuatro áreas clave para reducir la propagación de la enfermedad: la conducta (distanciamiento social, lavado de manos, uso de mascarillas), los ambientes (ventilación, limpieza y desinfección de superficies), el funcionamiento institucional (horarios escalonados, grupos pequeños de alumnos) y los protocolos para cuando alguien se enferme.
Los padres o tutores, por su parte, tienen que evaluar el riesgo particular de que ese niño y su familia contraigan covid-19, dicen los CDC.
En cualquier caso, se trata de una nueva fase dentro de la pandemia en la cual, antes o después, los gobiernos tendrán que avanzar y los padres deberán decidir aunque, de nuevo, no existan recetas universales e infalibles.</p
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Этот пост на telegra.ph подробно рассказывает о эффективных методов борьбы с мышами. Ознакомьтесь с рекомендациями по дератизации мышей здесь: [url=https://telegra.ph/Deratizaciya-myshej-ehffektivnye-metody-borby-i-profilaktiki-08-02]Дератизация мышей: эффективные методы борьбы и профилактики[/url].
Learn about sensory strategies for people with autism, covering how they perceive the world and manage sensory overload.
[url=https://thespectrum.org.au/autism-strategy/autism-strategy-sensory/]https://thespectrum.org.au/autism-strategy/autism-strategy-sensory/[/url]
Discover more about sensory sensitivities here:
https://thespectrum.org.au/autism-strategy/autism-strategy-sensory/
This resource is valuable for professionals and families dealing with autism.
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